Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSA)

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Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is characterized by episodes of complete or partial collapse of the  airway  with  an  associated  decrease  in  oxygen  saturation  or  arousal  from  sleep.  OSA  is  a  sleep  disorder that involves cessation or significant decrease in airflow in the presence of breathing effort. 

Clinical Presentation 

  • Daytime sleepiness
  • Restless sleep
  • Loud snoring
  • Morning headaches;
  • Insomnia;
  • Decreased sex drive;
  • Unexplained weight gain;
  • Increased urination and/or nocturia.
  • Heartburn or gastro esophageal reflux  disease;and  heavy  night sweats
  • Trouble concentrating; mood  changes such as irritability, anxiety  and depression; Forgetfulness;Increased  heart  rate  and/or  blood  pressure; 

Investigations

  • Nocturnal polysomnography
  • Thyrotropin test
  • Cysteine levels
  • Multiple sleep latency and Maintenance of Wakefulness Tests

Non-pharmacological Treatment 

  • Lifestyle modification (avoid alcohol, sleeping pills, and other sedatives)
  • Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)
  • The oral appliance (e.g. a mandibular advancement splint)

Pharmacological Treatment 

C: acetazolamide (PO) 500mg-1g 24hourly for 3-5days 

Surgical intervention 

(Maxillomandibular advancement, Tonsillectomy) Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty)