Executive Summary

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Executive summary

- Every person with diabetes should be screened periodically for chronic complications.

- Control of blood glucose, blood pressure and blood lipids along with other factors, form the cornerstone of prevention and control of diabetic complications.

- Serum creatinine, eGFR and urine albumin excretion should be used for screening diabetic nephropathy.

- Ophthalmoscopy of dilated eyes should be performed yearly to screen for retinopathy, with color fundus photography if needed.

- Every person with diabetes should receive preventive foot care advices.

Chronic complications of diabetes encompass a wide spectrum of microvascular (nephropathy, retinopathy and neuropathy) and macrovascular (coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease and peripheral vascular disease) disorders. More than 50% people with diabetes have one or more complications at the time of presentation, and all are treatable and preventable. A study in 2019 found that among macrovascular complications, the prevalence of coronary artery disease was 30.5%, 10.1% for stroke and 12.0% for diabetic foot. Among microvascular complications, prevalence of nephropathy was 34.2%, retinopathy was 25.1% and neuropathy was 5.8% in people with diabetes.¹